The Question- Quiz

Merrick Adams

The Question- Quiz

An important defense against disease in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate, or destroy foreign substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves all of the following.

1. Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response

• Cytokines are released in order to send other and more immune cells to the infected site
• These cells are used to remove all of the dead or infected cells
• White blood cells then attack foreign intruders in our body

2. Activates T and B cells in response to an infection

• B and T cells search the entire body for the foreign invaders that match their specialized receptors
• T cells kill the bacteria 
• B cells find their match and wait for T cells to kill the bacteria first
• B cells then create plasma cells that create antibodies that destroy the virus and it's bacteria

3. Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent

• B and T cells produce memory cells that keep track of how often an invader attacks
• The more an invader invades the more familiar B and T cells become with it
• Therefore the more immune you become to that invader

4. Distinguishes self form non-self

• Every body cell has its own molecules that identify itself in the body
• When an invader enters the body it gets detected because it does not contain the same molecules that identify itself

HGH Podcast

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Transcript:

Human Growth Hormone Podcast Transcript

Human growth hormone also known as HGH is known as the hormone responsible for spurring growth in adolescents and children. It’s technically responsible for the regulation of body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, and sugar and fat metabolism. HGH is the most abundant hormone in the pituitary gland. HGH is produced and discharged as a single polypeptide chain by cells called Samatotropes in the pituitary gland. This is regulated by Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone or GHRH. Human Growth Hormone is also released in the presence of the hormone Ghrelin. HGH is made of a 191 residue structure which make up four helices that allow it to bind to receptors. Growth hormone complexes contain two binding receptors GHRI and GHRII. The two receptors bind to HGH, but they do not share the same structure. GHR is known to belong to the hematopoietic superfamily due to their extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. These are good for signal transduction, but in order for signal transduction to be carried out properly both receptors must be bound to the HGH. The first receptor must bind to the HGH first in order to provide extra stabilization support for the second receptor. HGH is known to include positive as well as negative feedback loops. We also know it is a water soluble hormone because it is a polypeptide and it runs through the blood. With this information we can conclude that HGH human growth hormone is an irreplaceable hormone.